If You Have Low Amniotic Fluid in One Pregnancy How Likely Is It to Happen Again

The fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion

Amniotic fluid
10-week-old human fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac
Identifiers
MeSH	D000653
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid independent by the amniotic sac of a gravid amniote. This fluid serves every bit a cushion for the growing fetus, but too serves to facilitate the exchange of nutrients, water, and biochemical products between female parent and fetus.

For humans, the amniotic fluid is commonly called water or waters (Latin liquor amnii).

Evolution [edit]

Amniotic fluid is present from the germination of the gestational sac. Amniotic fluid is in the amniotic sac. Information technology is generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes past osmotic and hydrostatic forces. When fetal kidneys begin to office around calendar week 16, fetal urine likewise contributes to the fluid.^[1] In earlier times, information technology was believed that the amniotic fluid was composed entirely of fetal urine.

The fluid is absorbed through the fetal tissue and skin.^[2] Afterward 22 to 25 week of pregnancy, keratinization of an embryo's peel occurs. When this process completes effectually the 25th week,^[two] the fluid is primarily absorbed by the fetal gut for the remainder of gestation.^[1]

Contents [edit]

At offset, amniotic fluid is mainly water with electrolytes, but by about the 12-14th week the liquid also contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and phospholipids, and urea, all of which aid in the growth of the fetus.

Book [edit]

The book of amniotic fluid changes with the growth of fetus. From the 10th to the 20th week it increases from 25ml to 400ml approximately.^[3] Approximately in the 10th-11th week, the breathing and swallowing of the fetus slightly decrease the corporeality of fluid. Neither urination nor swallowing contributes significantly to fluid quantity changes until the 25th calendar week when keratinization of skin is complete; then the relationship between fluid and fetal growth stops. It reaches a plateau of 800ml past the 28-week gestational age. The amount of fluid declines to roughly 400ml at 42 weeks.^[4] Some sources indicate almost 500ml to 1000ml of amniotic fluid is present at birth.^{[1] [5]}

Rupture of membranes [edit]

The forewaters are released when the amnion ruptures. This is commonly known every bit the time when a woman's "water breaks". When this occurs during labour at term, information technology is known equally "spontaneous rupture of membranes". If the rupture precedes labour at term, still, it is referred to as "pre-labour rupture of membranes". Spontaneous rupture of membranes before term is referred to as "premature rupture of membranes". The majority of the hindwaters remain inside the womb until the baby is born. Artificial rupture of membrane (ARM), a manual rupture of the amniotic sac, can also be performed to release the fluid if the amnion has non spontaneously ruptured.^[6]

Office [edit]

Swallowed amniotic fluid (in later stages of development) creates urine and contributes to the formation of meconium. Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen, allowing for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal evolution. Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the alimentary canal. It as well protects the fetus from mechanical jerks and shocks. The fetus, which develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac, relies on the placenta for respiratory gas commutation rather than the lungs. While not involved in fetal oxygenation, fetal breathing movements (FBM) nevertheless have an important function in lung growth and in development of respiratory muscles and neural regulation. FBM are regulated differently in many respects than postnatal respiration, which results from the unique intrauterine environs. At birth, the transition to continuous postnatal respiration involves a autumn in temperature, gaseous distention of the lungs, activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, and functional connectivity of afferent O2 chemoreceptor activity with respiratory motoneurons and arousal centers.^[7]

Clinical significance [edit]

Collection [edit]

Amniotic fluid is removed from the mother by an amniocentesis procedure, where a long needle is inserted through the abdomen into the amniotic sac, using ultrasound guidance such that the fetus is not harmed. Amniocentesis is a low gamble procedure, with risk of pregnancy loss between 1 in 1500 – 1 in 700 procedures. Amniocentesis can be performed to obtain diagnostic genetic data, evaluate for intrauterine infection, or rarely, to appraise for fetal lung maturity if early delivery is required. If warranted, fluid is collected between 16–42 weeks of fetal development. The amount of fluid removed depends on the indication for the procedure and the testing that will be performed on the fluid.

Assay [edit]

Assay of amniotic fluid can reveal many aspects of the baby'south genetic health besides as the age and viability of the fetus. This is because the fluid contains metabolic wastes and compounds used in assessing fetal age and lung maturity, but amniotic fluid likewise contains fetal cells, which can be examined for genetic defects.

Amniotic fluid normally has a pH of 7.0 to 7.5.^[viii] Considering pH in the upper vagina is usually acidic (pH 3.8-iv.five), a vaginal pH examination showing a pH of more than iv.5 strengthens a suspicion of rupture of membranes in example of clear vaginal discharge in pregnancy.^[8] Other tests for detecting amniotic fluid mainly include nitrazine paper exam and fern test.^[9] One master test that is performed on amniotic fluid is the 50/S ratio test (lecithin/sphingomyelin). This test is used to decide fetal lung maturity. Both lecithin and sphingomyelin are lung surfactants that are present in increasing amounts in the maturing fetus, though by week 33, sphingomyelin levels remain relatively constant. Measuring a ratio of L/S of two:1 or greater indicates that the fetus can be safely delivered, with functioning lungs.

[edit]

As well picayune amniotic fluid is called oligohydramnios. In a minority of cases it can exist a cause of problems for the female parent and baby. These include contracture of the limbs, clubbing of the anxiety and easily, and also a life-threatening condition called hypoplastic lungs. The Potter sequence refers to a constellation of findings related to insufficient amniotic fluid.

On every prenatal visit, the obstetrician, gynaecologist or midwife should measure the patient's fundal meridian with a record measure. It is important that the fundal height exist measured and properly recorded to rails proper fetal growth and the increasing development of amniotic fluid. The obstetrician, gynaecologist or midwife should too routinely ultrasound the patient—this procedure volition likewise give an indication of proper fetal growth and amniotic fluid evolution. Oligohydramnios can be caused past infection, kidney dysfunction or malformation (since much of the tardily amniotic fluid volume is urine), procedures such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Oligohydramnios tin sometimes be treated with bed rest, oral and intravenous hydration, antibiotics, steroids, and amnioinfusion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The reverse of oligohydramnios is polyhydramnios, an excess volume of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but very often fatal condition for both mother and child.

Medical applications [edit]

It is being used in some surgeries of the outside of the eye.^[10] Information technology is too being studied for some orthopaedic conditions.^{[11] [12]}

Stem jail cell research [edit]

Recent studies prove that amniotic fluid contains a considerable quantity of stalk cells.^[13] These amniotic stalk cells^{[14] [15]} are pluripotent and able to differentiate into diverse tissues, which may exist useful for future human application.^{[sixteen] [17] [eighteen]} Some researchers take institute that amniotic fluid is also a plentiful source of not-embryonic stalk cells.^[xix] These cells have demonstrated the power to differentiate into a number of different cell-types, including brain, liver and bone.

It is possible to conserve the stem cells extracted from amniotic fluid in private stem cells banks.

Run into also [edit]

• Liquid animate
• Potter'south Syndrome
• Twin-twin transfusion syndrome

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Larsen, William J. (2001). Human embryology (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p. 490. ISBN978-0443065835.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Amniotic Fluid: Non Simply Fetal Urine Anymore - Journal of Perinatology". Nature . Retrieved 13 February 2020.
3. ^ Underwood, Mark A; Gilbert, William M; Sherman, Michael P (24 March 2005). "Amniotic Fluid: Not Just Fetal Urine Anymore". Periodical of Perinatology. 25 (5): 341–348. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211290. PMID 15861199.
4. ^ Underwood, Marking A; Gilbert, William M; Sherman, Michael P (24 March 2005). "Amniotic Fluid: Not Just Fetal Urine Anymore". Journal of Perinatology. 25 (5): 341–348. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211290. PMID 15861199.
5. ^ Caroline, Nancy L. (1977-01-03). "Medical Care in the Streets". JAMA: The Periodical of the American Medical Association. 237 (1): 43–six. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270280045020. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 576129.
6. ^ Forewaters and hindwaters in Q&A section at babyworld.co.united kingdom Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Koos, Brian J.; Rajaee, Arezoo (2014), "Fetal Breathing Movements and Changes at Birth", Advances in Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, Springer New York, vol. 814, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1007/978-i-4939-1031-1_8, ISBN9781493910304, PMID 25015803
8. ^ ^{a b} Vaginal pH Test Archived 2014-06-01 at the Wayback Automobile from Point of Care Testing, July 2009, at: University of California, San Francisco – Section of Laboratory Medicine. Prepared by: Patricia Nassos, PhD, MT and Clayton Hooper, RN.
9. ^ Bennett, S.; Cullen, J.; Sherer, D.; Woods Jr, J. (2008). "The Ferning and Nitrazine Tests of Amniotic Fluid Between 12 and 41 Weeks Gestation". American Periodical of Perinatology. 10 (two): 101–104. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994637. PMID 8476469.
10. ^ Meller, Daniel; Pauklin, Mikk; Thomasen, Henning; Westekemper, Henrike; Steuhl, Klaus-Peter (2011). "Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in the Human Eye". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (14): 243–248. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0243. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC3087122. PMID 21547164.
11. ^ Rennie, Kerry; Gruslin, Andrée; Hengstschläger, Markus; Pei, Duanqing; Cai, Jinglei; Nikaido, Toshio; Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud (2012). "Applications of Amniotic Membrane and Fluid in Stalk Cell Biological science and Regenerative Medicine". Stem Cells International. 2012: 721538. doi:10.1155/2012/721538. ISSN 1687-966X. PMC3474290. PMID 23093978.
12. ^ Frank, Rachel M.; Cole, Brian J. (2018-11-22). OrthoBiologics in Sports Medicine , An Consequence of Clinics in Sports Medicine, E-volume. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN978-0-323-65495-1.
13. ^ "Stalk cells in amniotic fluid show promise", Los Angeles Times, January 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009
14. ^ De Coppi, Paolo; Bartsch, Georg; Siddiqui, M Minhaj; Xu, Tao; Santos, Cesar C.; Perin, Laura; Mostoslavsky, Gustavo; Serre, Angéline C.; Snyder, Evan Y.; Yoo, James J.; Furth, Marker E.; Soker, Shay; Atala, Anthony (2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 25 (one): 100–106. doi:x.1038/nbt1274. PMID 17206138. S2CID 6676167.
15. ^ "Scientists See Potential In Amniotic Stem Cells", Washington Postal service, Jan 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009
16. ^ "Amniotic Fluid Yields New Type of Stem Cell", PBS - The Online News 60 minutes, Jan 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009
17. ^ "Versatile Stalk Jail cell Identified in Amniotic Fluid", Pamela J. Hines, International Gild of Stem Cell Research, March 21, 2008, retrieve 27 July 2009 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2009-05-09 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
18. ^ "Amniotic Stem Cells - "Mesenchimal Stem Cells in Homo Application", Biocell Center Group, 2009, retrieved 27 July 2009 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-xix. Retrieved 2009-05-09 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
19. ^ De Coppi, Paolo; Bartsch, Georg; Siddiqui, M Minhaj; Xu, Tao; Santos, Cesar C.; Perin, Laura; Mostoslavsky, Gustavo; Serre, Angéline C.; Snyder, Evan Y.; Yoo, James J.; Furth, Marking E.; Soker, Shay; Atala, Anthony (2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem prison cell lines with potential for therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 25 (1): 100–106. doi:ten.1038/nbt1274. PMID 17206138. S2CID 6676167.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_fluid

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